"10. Formally, for each case the difference between actual and predicted random concentration is at least four times greater than the standard deviation of the mean of concentration under the null hypothesis of randomness. Actual geographic dispersion is measured as 2 i i i G = (s -x ) ? where i i s and x are respectively the share of WfD participants in ABS Labour Force Region (LFR) i and the share of payment recipients in LFR i. The benchmark geographic dispersion for random assignment is 2 i i E(G) = (1- (x ) )H ? where 2 j j H = (z ) ? , and j z = the proportion of WfD participants in the jth project. Data on the number of participants in the ‘pilot’ phase WfD projects was obtained from Centrelink.
