Graphene Delivers Two Cancer Drugs, page-46

" Somewhat tongue and cheek ausheds,our investment in magnum gas & power,who have CSG permits in NSW could be the beneficiary of SuperSand .

http://www.magnumgpl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Excellence-in-Oil-and-Gas-2014.pdf

The main ingredient of the hydraulic fracturing fluid is water, making up more than 90 per cent. To keep the fracture open a material known as a 'proppant' — typically sand — is mixed with the water, forcing its way into the cracks and holding them open. The remaining amount, less than one per cent, is made up of other chemicals.
One of these is a 'gum', which is added to the water to increase viscosity and carry the sand down into the cracks in the rock.
"Think of sand in a sink after you go to the beach. If you try to wash that sand down a drain you find it's hard to move, so you need something to carry the sand in the water," says Barrett.
Solvent is later added to the fluid to dissolve the gum. Anti-fouling agents are also added to prevent the build-up of bacteria and other biological agents clogging the well and hydraulic fracture lines. The use of toxic BTEX chemicals (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) has been banned in New South Wales and Queensland.
After a day or two of hydraulic fracturing, the fluid is pumped out of the well and gas flows to the well head.
"As the water pressure drops in the coal seam, the gas begins to flow and the gas is captured. There is a separator at the top of the well that separates the water and the gas, and it is compressed prior to being piped to the processing plant" says Barrett."
How much water is used?

Extracting gas from shale deposits is a water-intensive process.
Shale gas deposits contain a relatively low amount of water, so water must be brought to the well from other sources, such as from surface pipelines or other underground aquifers.


To reduce the amount needed for hydraulic fracturing, water extracted from the well is collected and recycled for future use.


"In the north-eastern United States, depending on the length of the well and the nature of the shale, the amount of hydraulic fracturing fluid that goes into a well can be anywhere between 10 and 25 million litres," says Barrett.
"The flowback — the water that comes out of the well after the hydraulic fracturing — can be anywhere between about 30 and 80 per cent of the water that's put in depending on the porosity and fracturing of the rock."

http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2013/12/04/3861669.htm

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