yak, you're too stupid to be a propagandistChemistry 1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (Netherlands, 1852-08-30 - 1911-03-01) Discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and of the osmotic pressure in solutions 1902 Emil H. Fischer (Germany, 1852-10-09 - 1919-07-15) Synthetic studies in the area of sugar and purine groups 1903 Svante A. Arrhenius (Sweden, 1859-02-19 - 1927-10-02) Theory of electrolytic dissociation 1904 Sir William Ramsay (United Kingdom, 1852-10-02 - 1916-07-23) Discovery of the indifferent gaseous elements in air (noble gases) 1905 Adolf von Baeyer (Germany, 1835-10-31 - 1917-08-20) Organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds 1906 Henri Moissan (France, 1852-09-28 - 1907-02-20) Investigation and isolation of the element fluorine 1907 Eduard Buchner (Germany, 1860-05-20 - 1917-08-13) Biochemical studies, discovery of fermentation without cells 1908 Sir Ernest Rutherford (United Kingdom, 1871-08-30 - 1937-10-19) Decay of the elements, chemistry of radioactive substances 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany, 1853-09-02 - 1932-04-04) Catalysis, chemical equilibria and reaction rates 1910 Otto Wallach (Germany, 1847-03-27 - 1931-02-26) Alicyclic compounds 1911 Marie Curie (France, Poland, 1867-11-07 - 1934-07-04) Discovery of radium and polonium 1912 Victor Grignard (France, 1871-05-16 - 1935-12-13) Grignard's reagent Paul Sabatier (France, 1854-11-05 - 1941-08-14) Hydrogenation of organic compounds in the presence of finely divided metals 1913 Alfred Werner (Switzerland, 1866-12-12 - 1919-11-15) Bonding relations of atoms in molecules (inorganic chemistry) 1914 Theodore W. Richards (USA, 1868-01-31 - 1928-04-02) Determination of atomic weights 1915 Richard Willstätter (Germany, 1872-08-13 - 1942-08-03) Investigation of plant pigments, particularly of chlorophyll 1920 Walther H. Nernst (Germany, 1864-06-25 - 1941-11-18) Studies on thermodynamics 1921 Frederick Soddy (United Kingdom, 1877-09-02 - 1956-09-22) Chemistry of radioactive substances, occurrence and nature of the isotopes 1922 Francis W. Aston (United Kingdom, 1877-09-01 - 1945-11-20) Discovery of a large number of isotopes, mass spectrograph 1923 Fritz Pregl (Austria, 1869-09-03 - 1930-12-13) Microanalysis of organic compounds 1925 Richard A. Zsigmondy (Germany, Austria, 1865-04-01 - 1929-09-29) Colloid chemistry (ultramicroscope) 1926 Theodor Svedberg (Sweden, 1884-08-30 - 1971-02-26) Disperse systems (ultracentrifuge) 1927 Heinrich O. Wieland (Germany, 1877-06-04 - 1957-08-05) Constitution of bile acids 1928 Adolf Windaus (Germany, 1876-12-25 - 1959-06-09) Study of sterols and their relation with vitamins (vitamin D) 1929 Hans von Euler-Chelpin (Sweden, Germany, 1873-02-15 - 1964-11-06) Arthur Harden (United Kingdom, 1861-10-12 - 1940-06-17) Studies on fermentation of sugars and enzymes 1930 Hans Fischer (Germany, 1881-07-27 - 1945-03-31) Studies on blood and plant pigments, synthesis of hemin 1931 Friedrich Bergius (Germany, 1884-10-11 - 1949-03-30) Carl Bosch (Germany, 1874-08-27 - 1940-04-26) Development of chemical high-pressure processes 1932 Irving Langmuir (USA, 1881-01-31 - 1957-08-16) Surface chemistry 1934 Harold C. Urey (USA, 1893-04-29 - 1981-01-06) Discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) 1935 Frédéric Joliot (France, 1900-03-19 - 1958-08-14) Irène Joliot-Curie (France, 1897-09-12 - 1956-03-17) Syntheses of new radioactive elements (artificial radioactivity) 1936 Peter J. W. Debye (Germany, Netherlands, 1884-03-24 - 1966-11-02) Studies on dipole moments and the diffraction of X rays and electron beams by gases 1937 Sir Walter N. Haworth (United Kingdom, 1883-03-19 - 1950-03-19) Studies on carbohydrates and vitamin C Paul Karrer (Switzerland, 1889-04-21 - 1971-06-18) Studies on carotenoids and flavins and vitamins A and B2 1938 Richard Kuhn (Germany, 1900-12-03 - 1967-07-31) Studies on carotenoids and vitamins 1939 Adolf F. J. Butenandt (Germany, 1903-03-24 - 1995-01-18) Studies on sexual hormones Leopold Ruzicka (Switzerland, 1887-09-13 - 1976-09-26) Studies on polymethylenes and higher terpenes 1943 George de Hevesy (Hungary, 1885-08-01 - 1966-07-05) Application of isotopes as indicators in the investigation chemical processes 1944 Otto Hahn (Germany, 1879-03-08 - 1968-07-28) Discovery of the nuclear fission of atoms 1945 Artturi I. Virtanen (Finland, 1895-01-15 - 1973-11-11) Discoveries in the area of agricultural and food chemistry, method of preservation of fodder 1946 John H. Northrop (USA, 1891-07-05 - 1987-05-27) Wendell M. Stanley (USA, 1904-08-16 - 1971-06-15) Preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form James B. Sumner (USA, 1887-11-19 - 1955-08-12) Crystallizability of enzymes 1947 Sir Robert Robinson (United Kingdom, 1886-09-13 - 1975-02-08) Studies on alkaloids 1948 Arne W. K. Tiselius (Sweden, 1902-08-10 - 1971-10-29) Analysis by means of electrophoresis and adsorption, discoveries about serum proteins 1949 William F. Giauque (USA, 1895-05-12 - 1982-03-28) Contributions to chemical thermodynamics, properties at extremely low temperatures (adiabatic demagnetization) 1950 Kurt Alder (Germany, 1902-07-10 - 1958-06-20) Otto P. H. Diels (Germany, 1876-01-23 - 1954-03-07) Development of the diene synthesis 1951 Edwin M. McMillan (USA, *1907-09-18) Glenn Th. Seaborg (USA, 1912-04-19 - 1999-02-25) Discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements 1952 Archer J. P. Martin (United Kingdom, *1910-03-01) Richard L. M. Synge (United Kingdom, 1914-10-28 - 1994-08-18) Invention of distribution chromatography 1953 Hermann Staudinger (Germany, 1881-03-23 - 1965-09-08) Discoveries in the area of macromolecular chemistry 1954 Linus Carl Pauling (USA, 1901-02-28 - 1994-08-19) Studies on the nature of the chemical bond (molecular structure of proteins) 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud (USA, 1901-05-18 - 1978-12-11) Synthesis of a polypeptide hormone 1956 Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood (United Kingdom, 1897-06-19 - 1967-10-09) Nikolai N. Semjonow (Soviet Union, 1896-04-15 - 1986-09-25) Mechanisms of chemical reactions 1957 Sir Alexander R. Todd (United Kingdom, *1907-07-02) Studies on nucleotides and their coenzymes 1958 Frederick Sanger (United Kingdom, *1918-08-13) Structure of proteins, especially of insulin 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský (Czechoslovakia, 1890-12-20 - 1967-03-27) Polarography 1960 Willard F. Libby (USA, 1908-12-17 - 1980-09-08) Application of carbon 14 for age determinations (radiocarbon dating) 1961 Melvin Calvin (USA, *1911-04-07) Studies on the assimilation of carbonic acid by plants (photosynthesis) 1962 John Cowdery Kendrew (United Kingdom, *1917-03-24) Max Ferdinand Perutz (United Kingdom, Austria, *1914-05-19) Studies on the structures of globulin proteins 1963 Giulio Natta (Italy, 1903-02-26 - 1979-05-02) Karl Ziegler (Germany, 1898-11-26 - 1973-08-11) Chemistry and technology of high polymers 1964 Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin (United Kingdom, *1910-05-12) Structure determination of biologically important substances by means of X rays 1965 Robert Burns Woodward (USA, 1917-04-10 - 1979-07-08) Syntheses of natural products 1966 Robert S. Mulliken (USA, 1896-06-07 - 1986-10-31) Studies on chemical bonds and the electron structure of molecules by means of the orbital method 1967 Manfred Eigen (Germany, *1927-05-09) George Porter (United Kingdom, *1920-12-06) Ronald G. W. Norrish (United Kingdom, 1897-11-09 - 1978-06-07) Investigations of extremely fast chemical reactions 1968 Lars Onsager (USA, Norway, 1903-11-27 - 1976-10-05) Studies on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes 1969 Odd Hassel (Norway, 1897-05-17 - 1981-05-13) Derek H. Barton (United Kingdom, *1918-09-08) Development of the concept of conformation 1970 Luis F. Leloir (Argentina, *1906-09-06) Discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates 1971 Gerhard Herzberg (Canada, 1904-12-25 - 1999-03-03) Electron structure and geometry of molecules, particularly of free radicals (molecular spectroscopy) 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen (USA, *1916-03-26) Studies on ribonuclease Stanford Moore (USA, 1913-09-04 - 1982-08-23) William H. Stein (USA, 1911-06-25 - 1980-02-02) Studies on the active center of ribonuclease 1973 Ernst Otto Fischer (Germany, *1918-11-10) Geoffrey Wilkinson (United Kingdom, 1921-07-14 - 1996-09-26) Chemistry of metal-organic sandwich compounds 1974 Paul J. Flory (USA, 1910-06-19 - 1985-09-09) Physical chemistry of macromolecules 1975 John W. Cornforth (United Kingdom, *1917-09-07) Stereochemistry of enzyme catalysis reactions Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland, Yugoslavia, 1906-07-23 - 1998-01-07) Studies on the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions 1976 William N. Lipscomb (USA, *1919-12-09) Structure of boranes 1977 Ilya Prigogine (Belgium, *1917-01-25) Contributions to the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, particularly to the theory of dissipative structures 1978 Peter D. Mitchell (United Kingdom, *1920-09-29) Studies of biological energy transfer, development of the chemiosmotic theory 1979 Georg Wittig (Germany, 1897-06-16 - 1987-08-26) Herbert C. Brown (USA, *1912-05-22) Development of (organic) boron and phosphorous compounds 1980 Paul Berg (USA, *1926-06-30) Studies on the biochemistry of nucleic acids, particularly hybrid DNA (technology of gene surgery) Walter Gilbert (USA, *1932-03-21) Frederick Sanger (United Kingdom, 1918-08-13) Determination of base sequences in nucleic acids 1981 Kenichi Fukui (Japan, *1918-10-04) Roald Hoffmann (USA, *1937-07-18) Theories on the progress of chemical reactions (frontier orbital theory) 1982 Aaron Klug (United Kingdom, *1926-08-11) Development of crystallographic methods for the elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid protein complexes 1983 Henry Taube (Canada, *1915-11-30) Reaction mechanisms of electron transfer, especially with metal complexes 1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield (USA, *1921-07-15) Method for the preparation of peptides and proteins 1985 Herbert A. Hauptman (USA, 1917-02-14) Jerome Karle (USA, 1918-06-18) Development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures 1986 John C. Polanyi (Canada, *1929-01-23) Dudley R. Herschbach (USA, *1932-06-18) Yuan Tseh Lee (USA, *1936-11-29) Dynamics of chemical elementary processes 1987 Donald J. Cram (USA, *1919-04-22) Charles J. Pedersen (USA, 1904-10-03 - 1989-10-26) Jean-Marie Lehn (France, *1939-09-30) Development of molecules with structurally specific interaction of high selectivity 1988 Johann Deisenhofer (Germany, *1943-09-30) Robert Huber (Germany, *1937-02-20) Hartmut Michel (Germany, *1948-07-18) Determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction center 1989 Sidney Altman (Canada, *1939-05-08) Thomas Robert Cech (USA, *1947-12-08) Discovery of the catalytic properties of ribonucleic acid (RNA) 1990 Elias James Corey (USA, *1928-07-12) Development of novel methods for the synthesis of complex natural compounds (retrosynthetic analysis) 1991 Richard Robert Ernst (Switzerland, *1933-08-14) Development of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) 1992 Rudolph A. Marcus (USA, *1923) Theories of electron transfer 1993 Kary Banks Mullis (USA, *1944) Invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Michael Smith (Canada, *1932) Development of site specific mutagenesis 1994 George A. Olah (USA, *1927) Carbocations 1995 Paul Crutzen (Netherlands, *1933) Mario Molina (Mexico, *1943) Frank Sherwood Rowland (USA, *1927) for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone 1996 Robert F. Curl, Jr. (USA, *1933) Sir Harold W. Kroto (United Kingdom, *1939) Richard E. Smalley (USA, *1943) for their discovery of fullerenes 1997 Paul D. Boyer (USA, *1918) John E. Walker (United Kingdom, *1941) for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Jens C. Skou (Denmark, *1918) for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase 1998 Walter Kohn (USA, *1923) John A. Pople (United Kingdom/USA, *1925) to Walter Kohn for his development of the density-functional theory and to John Pople for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry (GAUSSIAN computer programs) 1999 Ahmed H. Zewail (USA, Egypt, *1946) for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy 2000 Alan J. Heeger (USA, *1936) Alan G. MacDiarmid (USA, *1927) Hideki Shirakawa (Japan, *1936) for the discovery and development of conductive polymers
Physics
1901 W. C. Röntgen (Germany, 1845-03-27 - 1923-02-10) Discovery of X rays 1902 Hendrik A. Lorentz (Netherlands, 1853-07-18 - 1929-02-04) Pieter Zeeman (Netherlands, 1865-05-25 - 1943-10-09) 1903 Henri A. Becquerel (France, 1852-12-15 - 1908-08-25) Marie Curie (France, Poland, 1867-11-07 - 1934-07-04) Pierre Curie (France, 1859-05-15 - 1906-04-19) Discovery of radioactivity 1904 Lord Rayleigh (United Kingdom) 1905 Philipp E. Lenard (Germany, 1862-06-07 - 1947-05-20) 1906 Joseph J. Thomson (United Kingdom, 1856-12-18 - 1940-04-30) Conduction of electricity in gases 1907 Albert A. Michelson (USA, 1852-12-19 - 1931-05-09) Measurement of the speed of light 1908 G. Lippmann (France) 1909 Karl Ferdinand Braun (Germany, 1850-06-06 - 1918-04-20) Guglielmo Marconi (Italy, 1874-04-25 - 1937-07-20) wireless telegraphy 1910 Johann D. van der Waals (Netherlands, 1837-11-23 - 1923-03-07) Molecular forces 1911 Wilhelm Wien (Germany, 1864-01-13 - 1928-08-30) Heat radiation 1912 G. Dalén (Sweden) 1913 H. Kamerlingh Onnes (Netherlands) 1914 Max von Laue (Germany, 1879-10-09 - 1960-04-24) Diffraction and interference of X rays by the arrangement of atoms in crystals (Laue diagrams) 1915 Sir William Henry Bragg (United Kingdom, 1862-07-02 - 1942-03-12) William Lawrence Bragg (United Kingdom, 1890-03-31 - 1971-07-01) Investigation of crystal structures by X ray spectroscopy 1917 Ch. G. Barkia (United Kingdom) 1918 Max Planck (Germany, 1858-04-23 - 1947-10-04) Studies on thermodynamics and radiation 1919 Johannes Stark (Germany, 1874-04-25 - 1957-06-21) Splitting of spectral lines in electrical fields (Stark effect) 1920 Ch. E. Guillaume (Switzerland) 1921 Albert Einstein (Germany, 1879-03-14 - 1955-04-18) Theory of the photoelectric effect (light quantum hypothesis) 1922 Niels Bohr (Denmark, 1885-10-07 - 1962-11-18) Quantum theoretical atomic model 1923 Robert A. Millikan (USA, 1868-03-22 - 1953-12-19) Measurement of the electron charge 1924 Karl M. G. Siegbahn (Sweden, 1886 - 1978) 1925 James Franck (Germany, 1882-08-20 - 1964-05-21) Gustav Hertz (Germany, 1887-07-21 - 1975-10-30) Studies on atomic and quantum theory (excitation and ionization spectra of dilute gases) 1926 Jean B. Perrin (France, 1870-09-30 - 1942-04-17) Studies on the discontinuous structure of matter 1927 Arthur H. Compton (USA) Ch. Th. R. Wilson (United Kingdom) 1928 O. W. Richardson (United Kingdom) 1929 Prince Louis Victor de Broglie (France, 1892-08-15 - 1987-03-19) Studies on wave mechanics 1930 Sir Ch. V. Raman (India, 1888-11-07 - 1970-11-21) Raman effect on light scattering by molecules 1932 Werner Heisenberg (Germany, 1901-12-05 - 1976-02-01) Quantum theory 1933 Paul A. M. Dirac (United Kingdom, 1902-08-08 - 1984-10-21) Erwin Schrödinger (Austria, 1887-08-12 - 1961-01-04) Quantum theory, wave mechanics 1935 James Chadwick (United Kingdom, 1891-10-20 - 1974-07-24) Discovery of the neutron 1936 C. D. Anderson (USA) V. F. Heß (Austria) 1937 C. J. Davisson (USA) G. P. Thomson (United Kingdom) 1938 Enrico Fermi (Italy, 1901-09-29 - 1954-11-28) Discovery of nuclear transformations by irradiation with neutrons 1939 Ernest O. Lawrence (USA, 1901-08-08 - 1958-08-27) Invention of the cyclotron 1943 Otto Stern (USA, 1888-02-17 - 1969-08-18) Molecular rays, magnetic properties of the proton 1944 Isidor I. Rabi (USA, 1898-07-29 - 1988-01-11) Studies on the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei 1945 Wolfgang Pauli (Austria, 1900-04-25 - 1958-12-15) quantum physical Pauli principle 1946 Percy W. Bridgman (USA) 1947 Sir Edward Victor Appleton (United Kingdom, 1892 - 1965) for his discovery of the so-called Appleton layer of the ionosphere, which is a dependable reflector of radio waves and as such useful in communication 1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (United Kingdom, 1897 - 1974) for his discoveries in the field of cosmic radiation 1949 Hideki Yukawa(Japan, 1907-07-23 - 1981-09-09) Prediction of the existence of mesons 1950 C. F. Powell (United Kingdom) 1951 Sir J. D. Cockcroft (United Kingdom) E. Th. S. Walton (Ireland) 1952 Felix Bloch (USA, 1905-10-23 - 1983-09-10) Edward M. Purcell (USA, *1912-08-30) Development of a novel precision method of nuclear magnetism (NMR) 1953 F. Zernike (Netherlands) 1954 Max Born (United Kingdom, Germany, 1882-12-11 - 1970-01-05) Walther Bothe (Germany, 1891-01-08 - 1957-02-08) 1955 P. Kusch (USA) W. E. Lamb (USA) 1956 John Bardeen (USA, 1908-05-23 - 1991-01-30) Walter H. Brattain (USA, 1902-02-10 - 1987-10-14) William Shockley (USA, *1910-02-13) Development of the transistor 1957 T. D. Lee (China) Ch. N. Yang (China) 1958 I. M. Frank (Soviet Union) I. E. Tamm (Soviet Union) P. A. Cherenkov (Soviet Union) 1959 O. Chamberlain (USA) E. Segre (USA, Italy) 1960 D. A. Glaser (USA) 1961 R. Hofstadter (USA) Rudolf Mößbauer (Germany, *1929-01-29) 1962 L. D. Landau (Soviet Union) 1963 Maria Goeppert-Mayer (USA, Germany) H. D. Jensen (Germany) Eugene Paul Wigner (USA, Hungary, 1902-02-17 - 1995-01-03) 1964 N. Basov (Soviet Union, *1922-12-14) A. Prokhorov (Soviet Union, *1916-07-11) Charles Townes (USA, *1915-07-28) Laser, Maser 1965 Richard P. Feynman (USA, 1918-05-11 - 1988-02-15) J. Schwinger (USA) S. Tomonaga (Japan) 1966 A. Kastler (France) 1967 Hans A. Bethe (USA, Germany, *1906-07-02) Studies on the theory of nuclear reactions 1968 L. W. Alvarez (USA) 1969 M. Gell-Mann (USA) 1970 H. Alfvén (Sweden) L. Néel (France) 1971 D. Gabor (United Kingdom) 1972 John Bardeen (USA, 1908-05-23 - 1991-01-30) L. N. Cooper (USA) J. R. Schrieffer (USA) Theory of superconductivity 1973 L. Esaki (Japan) I. Giaever (USA, Norway) B. Josephson (United Kingdom) 1974 M. Ryle (United Kingdom) A. Hewish (United Kingdom) 1975 A. Bohr (Denmark) B. Mottelson (Denmark) J. Rainwater (USA) 1976 B. Richter (USA) S. Ting (USA) 1977 Ph. W. Anderson (USA) J. v. Vleck (USA) Neville F. Mott (United Kingdom, 1905-09-30 - 1996-08-08) 1978 P. L. Kapitsa (Soviet Union, 1894-06-26 - 1984-04-08) A. Penzias (USA) R. Wilson (USA) 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow (USA, *1932-12-05) Steven Weinberg (USA, *1933-05-03) Unification of the weak and electromagnetic interaction A. Salam (Pakistan) 1980 J. W. Cronin (USA) V. L. Fitch (USA) 1981 N. Bloembergen (USA) A. L. Schawlow (USA) Kai Manne Siegbahn (Sweden, *1918-04-20) 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson (USA, *1936-06-08) Theory of phase transitions and critical phenomena 1983 S. Chandrasekhar (USA) William A. Fowler (USA, *1911-08-09) Importance of nuclear reactions for the formation of chemical elements in the universe 1984 Carlo Rubbia (Italy, *1934) Simon van der Meer (Netherlands, *1925-11-24) Basic studies on particle physics 1985 Klaus v. Klitzing (Germany, *1943-06-28) Discovery of the quantum Hall effect 1986 Ernst Ruska (Germany, 1906-12-25 - 1988-05-27) Gerd Binnig (Germany, *1947-07-20) Heinrich Rohrer (Switzerland, *1933-06-06) Electron microscope and raster tunnel microscope, respectively 1987 Johannes Georg Bednorz (Germany, *1950-05-16) Karl Alex Müller (Switzerland, *1927-04-20) High temperature superconductors 1988 Leon Max Lederman (USA) Melvin Schwartz (USA) Jack Steinberger (USA) 1989 Wolfgang Paul (Germany, *1913-08-10) Hans Georg Dehmelt (USA, Germany) Norman Foster Ramsey (USA, *1915-08-27) 1990 Jerome I. Friedman (USA, *1930-03-28) Henry W. Kendall (USA, *1926-12-09) Richard E. Taylor (Canada, *1929-11-02) Inelastic scattering of electrons by protons and bound neutrons, development of the quark model 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (France, *1932) Theoretical description of ordering phenomena of liquid crystals, polymers, magnets and superconductors 1992 Georges Charpak (France, *1924) Invention of detectors for the detection of rare interactions of elementary particles 1993 Russell A. Hulse (USA, *1950) Joseph Taylor jr. (USA, *1941) 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse (Canada) Clifford G. Shull (USA) Studies on neutron beams 1995 Martin L. Perl (USA, *1927) for the discovery of the tau lepton Frederick Reines (USA, *1918) for the detection of the neutrino 1996 David M. Lee (USA, *1931) Douglas D. Osheroff (USA, *1945) Robert C. Richardson (USA, *1937) for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 1997 Steven Chu (USA, *1948) Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (France, *1933) William D. Phillips (USA, *1948) for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light 1998 Robert B. Laughlin (USA, *1950) Horst L. Störmer (Germany/USA, *1949) Daniel C. Tsui (USA, *1939) for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations (electrons acting together in strong magnetic fields, fractional quantum Hall effect) 1999 Gerardus 't Hooft (Netherlands, *1946) Martinus J.G. Veltman (Netherlands, *1931) for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics 2000 Zhores I. Alferov (Russia, *1930) Herbert Kroemer (Germany/USA, *1928) for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics Jack S. Kilby (USA, *1923) for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit
Literature 1901 R. F. A. Sulley Prudhomme (France) 1902 Th. Mommsen (Germany) 1903 B. Bjørnson (Norway) 1904 J. Echegaray (Spain) F. Mistral (France) 1905 H. Sienkiewicz (Poland) 1906 G. Carducci (Italy) 1907 R. Kipling (United Kingdom) 1908 R. Eucken (Germany) 1909 S. Lagerlöf (Sweden) 1910 P. Heyse (Germany) 1911 M. Maeterlinck (Belgium) 1912 G. Hauptmann (Germany) 1913 R. Tagore (India) 9151 R. Rolland (France) 1916 V. v. Heidenstam (Sweden) 1917 K. Gjellerup (Denmark) H. Pontoppidan (Denmark) 1919 C. Spitteler (Switzerland) 1920 K. Hamsun (Norway) 1921 A. France (J. A. Thibault) (France) 1922 J. Benavente (Spain) 1923 W.B. Yeats (Ireland) 1924 W. Reymont (Poland) 1925 G.B. Shaw (United Kingdom) 1926 Grazia Deledda (Italy) 1927 H. Bergson (France) 1928 Sigrid Undset (Norway) 1929 Th. Mann (Germany) 1930 S. Lewis (USA) 1931 E. A. Karlfeldt (Sweden) 1932 J. Galsworthy (United Kingdom) 1933 I. A. Bunin (France, Russia) 1934 L. Pirandello (Italy) 1936 E. O'Neill (USA) 1937 R. Martin du Gard (France) 1938 Pearl S. Buck (USA) 1939 F. E. Sillanpää (Finnland) 1944 Johannes V. Jensen (Denmark) 1945 Gabriela Mistral (L. Godoy y Alcayaga) (Chile) 1946 Hermann Hesse (Switzerland, Germany) 1947 A. Gide (France) 1948 T.S. Eliot (United Kingdom, USA) 1949 W. Faulkner (USA) 1950 Lord B. A. W. Russell (United Kingdom) 1951 P. Lagerkvist (Sweden) 1952 F. Mauriac (France) 1953 Sir W. Churchill (United Kingdom) 1954 E. Hemingway (USA) 1955 H.K. Laxness (Island) 1956 J. R. Jiménez (Spain) 1957 A. Camus (France) 1958 B. Pasternak (Soviet Union) 1959 S. Quasimodo (Italy) 1960 Saint-John Perse (A. Léger) (France) 1961 I. Andric (Yugoslavia) 1962 J. Steinbeck (USA) 1963 G. Seferis (Greece) 1964 J.-P. Sartre (France) 1965 M. Sholokhov (Soviet Union) 1966 S.J. Agnon (Israel, Austria) N. Sachs (Sweden, Germany) 1967 M.A. Asturias (Guatemala) 1968 Y. Kawabata (Japan) 1969 S. Beckett (Ireland) 1970 A. Solzhenitsyn (Soviet Union) 1971 P. Neruda (Chile) 1972 H. Böll (Germany) 1973 P. White (Australien) 1974 E. Johnson (Sweden) H. Martinson (Sweden) 1975 E. Montale (Italy) 1976 S. Bellow (USA) 1977 V. Aleixandre (Spain) 1978 I. B. Singer (USA) 1979 O. Elytis (Greece) 1980 C. Milosz (Poland) 1981 E. Canetti (United Kingdom, Bulgaria) 1982 G. García Marquez (Colombia) 1983 W. G. Golding (United Kingdom) 1984 J. Seifert (Czechoslovakia) 1985 Cl. Simon (France) 1986 W. Soyinka (Nigeria) 1987 J. Brodsky (USA) 1988 N. Mahfuz (Egypt) 1989 C. J. Cela (Spain) 1990 Octavio Paz (Mexico) 1991 Nadine Gordimer (South Africa) 1992 Derek Walcott (Saint Lucia, *1930-01-23) 1993 Toni Morrison (USA, *1931-02-18) 1994 Kenzaburo Oe (Japan) 1995 Seamus Heaney (Ireland, *1939-04-13) for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past 1996 Wislawa Szymborska (Poland, *1923-07-02) for "poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality" 1997 Dario Fo (Italy, *1926) dramatist and actor, one of the leading figures in modern farce and political drama, "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden" 1998 José Saramago (Portugal, *1922) a writer of prose, from a working-class background, "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality" 1999 Günter Grass (Germany, *1927-10-16) "Whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"; 1959 first novel: "The Tin Drum" 2000 Gao Xingjian (China/France, *1940) "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"
Economic
1969 J. Tinbergen (Netherlands) R. Frisch (Norway) 1970 P. A. Samuelson (USA) 1971 S. Kuznets (USA, Soviet Union) 1972 J. R. Hicks (United Kingdom) K. J. Arrow (USA) 1973 W. Leontief (USA) 1974 F. A. Hayek (Austria, USA) K. G. Myrdal (Sweden) 1975 T. Koopmans (USA) L. Kantorovich (Soviet Union) 1976 M. Friedman (USA) 1977 B. Ohlin (Sweden) J. Meade (United Kingdom) 1978 H.A. Simon (USA) 1979 T. W. Schultz (USA) A. Lewis (United Kingdom) 1980 L. R. Klein (USA) 1981 J. Tobin (USA) 1982 G.J. Stigler (USA) 1983 G. Debreu (USA) 1984 Sir R. Stone (United Kingdom) 1985 F. Modigliani (Italy, USA) 1986 J. Buchanan (USA) 1987 R. M. Solow (USA) 1988 M. Allais (France) 1989 T. Haavelmo (Norway) 1990 H. Markowitz (USA) M. Miller (USA) W. Sharpe (USA) 1991 Ronald H. Coase (United Kingdom, USA) 1992 Gary S. Becker (USA) 1993 Robert W. Fogel (USA) Douglass C. North (USA) Studies on the history of economics 1994 Reinhard Selten (Germany) John C. Harsanyi (USA) Analysis of the equilibrium in non-cooperative game theory John F. Nash (USA) Equilibrium theory 1995 Robert E. Lucas, Jr. (USA, *1937) for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy 1996 James A. Mirrlees (United Kingdom, *1936) William Vickrey (Canada, USA, 1914 - 1996-10-10) for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information 1997 Robert C. Merton (USA, *1944) Myron S. Scholes (USA, *1941) for a new method to determine the value of derivatives 1998 Amartya Sen (India/United Kingdom, *1933) for his contributions to welfare economics 1999 Robert A. Mundell (USA, Canada, *1932) or his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas 2000 James J. Heckman (USA, *1944) for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples Daniel L. McFadden (USA, *1937) for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice
SO ACCORDING TO YOU - ISRAEL HAS DOMINATED THE NOBEL PRIZE, YOURE TOO STUPID TO BE A PROPAGANDIST.
