Ann: PFS Presentation, page-56

Not upramping or downramping, but be wary of the energy business figures.

The Carnot thermal efficiency is used to calculate the theoretical thermal efficiency of a heat engine. In thermodynamics a heat engine is a system that converts the heat energy into mechanical work (or electricity). By the second law of thermodynamics, such a system must contain a heat sink and a heat source. T cold is the corresponding temperature of the heat sink/cold reservoir and T hot is the corresponding temperature of the heat source and the Carnot thermal efficiency formula is as follows:


The temperatures in the formula above must be converted to degrees Kelvin, so the Vulcan published figures [Source: VUL AGM presentation from 25-11-2020, page 13] of 165 degrees C for the heat source converts to 438.15 degrees Kelvin and 65 degrees C for the cold reservoir converts to 338.15 degrees Kelvin.

Plugging in the numbers of 438.15 degrees K for the heat source and 338.15 degrees K for the cold reservoir, the maximum possible thermal efficiency of this system (the efficiency at which it can convert heat into electricity) is 22.8%. In practice it will be less than that, so assume 20% or less.

Online calculator here if you want to have a go yourself:

http://calistry.org/calculate/thermalEfficiencyCalculator