$150m Kalgoorlie Vanadium Battery, page-50

from gemini
When considering medium to long-term Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), it's important to look at both current dominant technologies and those emerging for the future.
Here's a breakdown:Current Dominant Technology: * Lithium-ion Batteries: * These are currently the most widely deployed BESS technology. * They offer good energy density and relatively high efficiency. * However, they can have limitations in terms of long-duration storage and potential fire risks. * Ongoing research is focused on improving lithium-ion chemistry to enhance safety and longevity. * There are also many different lithium ion chemistries, and some are more suited to longer duration applications than others.Technologies for Medium to Long-Term Storage: *

Flow Batteries: * These batteries store energy in liquid electrolytes, allowing for independent scaling of energy capacity and power. * They are considered promising for long-duration storage due to their potential for long cycle life and reduced degradation. * They generally h
ave a much lower fire risk than lithium ion batteries. * They are seen as a strong contender for grid-scale, long-duration applications.

* Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHES): * This is a mature technology that involves pumping water uphill to store energy and releasing it to generate electricity. * PHES can provide large-scale, long-duration storage. * It is dependent on suitable geographical locations. * It is a very established method of long term energy storage. *

Other Emerging Technologies: * There is ongoing research into other technologies, such as: * Solid-state batteries * Hydrogen storage * Compressed air energy storage (CAES)Key Considerations for Medium to Long-Term BESS: * Duration: How long the system can discharge at its rated power. * Cycle Life: The number of charge and discharge cycles the battery can withstand. * Safety: The risk of fire or other hazards. * Cost: The capital and operating costs of the system. * Environmental Impact: The sustainability of materials and manufacturing processes.The selection of the appropriate BESS technology depends on the specific application and requirements. As the energy storage market continues to evolve, we can expect to see further advancements and innovations in medium to long-term storage solutions.