Hey angus, Will leave old testament Christianity for another day, I'll tell you know there is as much Christianity in the OT as their is Israel in the NT. More on that at a later date.
The word Jew is greatly mis-used, misunderstood and mistaken today, in fact I will tell you there is a vast difference between the way that term is used in the Bible and the way it is used today, the very first occurrence of the word occurs in II Kings chapter 16 v6 - At that time, Rezin king of Syria recovered Elath, to Syria, and wholly cleared out the Jews from Eloth,––and, the Syrians, entered Elath, and have dwelt there, unto this day.
Note, he cleared out the Jews from Eloth, now if you read the entire context of II Kings 16 you'll find that there was a war between Israel, the northern tribes and the Syrians against Judah. What happened was this, there was some Judahites that were living in Eloth and so the king of Syria defeated them and drove them from Eloth, that's all v6 tells us. At that time Rezin king of Syria and cleared the Jews and I will use the word Judahites from Eloth and the Syrians came to Eloth and dwelt there in unto this day.
Now the Hebrew word translated Jew is the Hebrew word Yahudi (spelling) which literally means a Judahite or a descendant of Judah, now the word is used in the Bible in at least 5 ways, first of all it refers to a person or persons of the tribe of Judah, 2ndly, the kingdom of Judah, 3rdly, to the land of Judea, 4thly, to the nation of Judah or 5thly the house of Judah. Anyone belonging to the tribe, the land, the nation or the house of Judah could be called a Judahite. So all II Kings 16 v6 says is this, that there were some people of the house of Judah of the tribe of Judah, land of Judah....etc, that where in Elath and the King of Syria defeated them and drove them out of the land.
Now in the NT the Greek word is loudaios which means Judean, and that means judean in the sense of a country or a land, or someone from the land of Judah, for example we talk about Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom. What do we call people who lived in Samaria ?.....Samaritans. So the Judeans or the Judahites would be someone from the tribe or house or land etc.
When the word Jew is used today it is not used to refer to someone from the house of Judah or the Tribe of Judah or the land of Judah or the kingdom of Judah, the word primarily today is someone who embraces the religion of Judaism. Example, look at Galatians 1 v13, this is one of the few times that you will see the word Jew that refers to the religion of Judaism, most of the times in the NT or OT it just refers to someone from the land, tribe, kingdom...etc. 1 v13 - For ye have heard, as to my own manner of life, at one time, in Judaism, how that, exceedingly, was I persecuting the assembly of God, and laying it waste, 14 And was making advancement, in Judaism, above many contemporaries in my nation, being, surpassingly zealous, of the traditions of the fathers.
Now the Jews religion of Judaism was antagonistic to and contrary to Christianity, it was Judaism, it was the pharisees and the sadducees and those who embraced it that always opposed Christ and the Apostles and the Prophets.
I hope this answers you quoting John 4:22
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