For non-smokers, the comparison should be between vaping and breathing air. Vaping is clearly more harmful than breathing air.
This information is based on the findings of a major 2022 ANU report on e-cigarettes, with additional peer-review and evidence from more than 400 studies and reports. The lead author of the study was Professor Emily Banks and it is the most comprehensive review of the health impacts of e-cigarettes of its kind to date.
