crikey you asked a lot of questions, so i'll give it go responding with my opinion.
I think every country needs a government so when it comes to taxation and schooling and police and ambulances and fire departments and miltary and all the basic things a civilisation needs i don't really look at those as political they are just foundational for a civilisation.
I think a capitalist society could have gov healthcare available for the poor and unfortunate and those that can't work, don't think theres much need to finance it for workers though as that causes higher levels of tax and in a capitalist system workers wouldn't need free healthcare, they'd be able to afford insurance or something. Of course there should be some protections for workers but i think businesses should be able to hire and fire at will too.
Some consumer protections in this day and age are required but kept to an absolute minimum, the problem with regulations is they are a cost on goods and services, they force prices up, they reduce competitiveness and productivity and China clearly shows competitiveness and productivity are essential to increase the peoples true standard of living, therefore some regulations are required but over-regulation is harmful economically.
I also think we a capitalistic system needs some sort of safety net for those that make wrong choices and fall into hardship, one can't just throw them down the drain they need support so they can get back up and try again with more experience under their belts.
I think tarrif's and protections can't just be labelled capitalistic or communistic, if they we require them then we are not competitive, if this uncompetitiveness is caused by over-regulation and sky high taxes then the issue might be able to be resolve with a reduction in regulations and taxes, whereas if it's caused by a dumping of product by a country or government funded subsidies for businesses that distort the capitalistic free market system then these problems could well warrant tarrifs.
Theres no doubt creditors should cop the loss if a company goes bust, they took the risk by giving the company credit and obviously didn't do their homework to see if the company they were giving credit to was credit worthy, i also don't think any companies should be bailed out by taxpayers only the investors and creditors should cop the loss as they chose the risk they took all by themsleves, the taxpayer most certainly shouldn't dig deep and for capitalism to function properly comapnies have to be allowed to fail, failure cannot be rewarded if you want humanity to improve, we have to learn from our mistakes and i include banks of any size with that too, however in a capitalist system banks would not be allowed to grow to such a size that they would disrupt the economy in a systemic way when they fail, having banks the size we have them these days is actually a weakness not a strength, helps breed corruption too imo, there would be no GFC panic for example if we lived in a capitalist system because banks of that size wouldn't exist in a capitalist system, capaitalist system does not do centralization of power or money flows, mooplolies, oligoplies etc, thats a big no no for true capitalists, capitalist regulation would prevent that type of thing to protect competition, the taxpayer and to reduce opportunities for corruption, and to reduce market manipulation and dominance and most importantly to ensure power over parts or even all of the economy doesn't fall into the hands of a few.
Conman stocks, yep, if you invest in a con man and lose its your own risk and fault, it can't possibly be any one elses fault, you were never forced to take the risk and invest in conman company you could have invested your money into an interest paying bank account instead with little risk, taxpayers should not be underwriters of individual peoples choices, we have to be responsible for our own actions, rewarding failure is counter productive for humanity, it's like teaching your kid to ride a bike, they try the first time make a mistake and fall off, they get back up and try again learning from the mistakes they made on the first run, the second time they last a bit longer before falling off and they get back up brush themselves off and try for a third and bingo no more mistakes and they riding down the road, capitalism is similar in this way and it doesn't work properly when failure is rewarded by taxpayers. Also in a capitalistic system there would be very large penalties and long jail times for decent size fraud especially on listed companies, nothing like the weak penalties we see these days.
I not sure but i think agreements get made with the earth sky and water, we all have our limited terriotory extending into the sea, up in the air and our bits of land as a country by country thing, there is also international waters and skies etc that no one really 'owns' i think.
I think every nation needs equipments of war, Peace comes from strength not weakness and because we are humans we are all capable of good and bad things so it's a must for nations in capitalism or communism to have equipment of war or defense because you never know what the other country is thinking or doing etc.
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