2.5 billion NPV8 and 100% IRR, page-81

The environmental CO2 etc."footprint" of mining & refining copper, Ni etc. is having increasing international importance, & formal recognition.
CTM Ni & refined sulphates, with its green hydro power/low CO2 emissions, will be increasingly favoured, as more mining cos. seek formal accreditation of their "benign" CO2 mining impacts.

Many EV & battery makers are also placing greater scrutiny ( & marketing benefits!) on the CO2 etc. impacts of the minerals in their EV's

The probable "big losers" will be Indonesia, with its huge exports of Ni laterite & refined Ni products; & China, in its general mining & refining. Both countries produce very high CO2 emissions in their mining & refining- & other types of pollution, or poor land management practices.

"The Copper Markannounced Mondayit is extending its responsible mining assessment already covering a fifth of global copper production to molybdenum, nickel and zinc with the launch of a pilot program.

The pilot, which runs through July 2023, is the result of a collaboration between the Copper Mark, the International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), the Nickel Institute (NI), and the International Zinc Association (IZA) to promote sustainable and responsible production and sourcing practices...

While the body is engaged with governments and producers in places like China, there is little pressure on the domestic industry in the country to follow international standards, as is the case in other sectors of the Chinese economy.

Brülhart says Copper Mark has also published a chain of custody standard in order to capture and monitor the full value chain – including scrap processors – and provide end users such as electric car and renewable energy equipment manufacturers a certified responsibly-mined product".

https://www.mining.com/responsible-copper-mining-framework-extended-to-nickel-zinc-and-molybdenum/