countries (such as the United States and Canada), international
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) including
Human Rights in China and
Amnesty International, and citizens, lawyers, and
dissidents inside the country, state that the authorities in
mainland China regularly sanction or organize such abuses.
Independent NGOs such as Amnesty International and
Human Rights Watch, as well as foreign governmental institutions such as the U.S. State Department, regularly present evidence of the PRC violating the freedoms of
speech,
movement, and
religion of its citizens and of others within its
jurisdiction. Authorities in the PRC claim improvement in human rights, as they define them differently, so as to be dependent on "
national culture" and the
level of development of the country.
[2][3][4] However, governments have a duty to promote and protect all human rights universally, regardless of their national circumstances.
[5] PRC politicians have repeatedly maintained that, according to the
PRC Constitution, the "
Four Cardinal Principles" supersede
citizenship rights. PRC officials interpret the primacy of the Four Cardinal Principles as a legal basis for the arrest of people who the government says seek to overthrow the principles. Chinese nationals whom authorities perceive to be in compliance with these principles, on the other hand, are permitted by the PRC authorities to enjoy and exercise all the rights that come with citizenship of the PRC, provided they do not violate PRC laws in any other manner.
Numerous
human rights groups have publicized human rights issues in mainland China that they consider the government to be mishandling, including: the death penalty (
capital punishment), the
one-child policy (in which China had made exceptions for
ethnic minorities prior to abolishing it in 2015), the political and legal status of
Tibet, and neglect of
freedom of the press in mainland China. Other areas of concern include the lack of legal recognition of human rights and the lack of
an independent judiciary,
rule of law, and
due process. Further issues raised in regard to human rights include the severe lack of
workers' rights (in particular the
hukou system which restricts
migrant labourers' freedom of movement), the absence of labour unions independent of the CCP,
[6][7] the implementation of
Social Credit Systemand its
blacklist, which serve to restrict a person and their family members' rights,
[8][9] and allegations of discrimination against rural workers and
ethnic minorities, as well as the lack of religious freedom – rights groups have highlighted repression of the
Christian,
[10][11][12][13][14][15]Tibetan Buddhist,
UyghurMuslim, and
Falun Gongreligious groups. Some Chinese activist groups are trying to expand these freedoms, including Human Rights in China,
Chinese Human Rights Defenders, and the
China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group.
Chinese human rights attorneyswho take on cases related to these issues, however, often face harassment, disbarment, and arrest.
[16][17]According to the Amnesty International report from 2016/2017 the government continued to draft and enact a series of new
national securitylaws that presented serious threats to the protection of human rights. The nationwide crackdown on human rights lawyers and activists continued throughout the year. Activists and human rights defenders continued to be systematically subjected to monitoring,
harassment, intimidation, arrest, and
detention.
[18] The report continues that
police detained increasing numbers of human rights defenders outside of formal detention facilities, sometimes without access to a
lawyer for long periods, exposing the detainees to the risk of
torture and other ill-treatment. Booksellers,
publishers, activists, and a
journalist who went missing in neighboring countries in 2015 and 2016 turned up at detention in China, causing concerns about China's law enforcement agencies acting
outside their jurisdiction.
[18]In a human rights report that assesses social, economic, and political freedoms, China has received the lowest ranking globally for safety from state actions and the right to assemble.[19]
