EDUCATION PIECE by Market Index.
UNDERSTANDING SHARE BUYBACKS
Share buybacks (sometimes called stock buybacks) occur when a company buys back its own shares from the public market.
“Since 1997, share repurchases have surpassed cash dividends and become the dominant form of corporate payout in the U.S.,” notes S&P Global.
The idea is to reduce the number of shares in circulation to increase the value of each remaining share.
For example:
Let’s say that XYZ company has 1 billion shares outstanding, and earns $5bn in annual profits. This gives the stock an earnings per share (EPS) of $5.
Now, let’s imagine the company buys back 100m of its own shares:
- This reduces the outstanding shares to 900m.
- Assuming profits remain level, the EPS goes up to $5.56 (i.e. $5bn / 900m shares).
Why perform a buyback?
- Buybacks can make a stock more attractive to investors by increasing the company’s EPS.
- Buybacks also increase the concentration of a company's ownership among existing shareholders.
- They can also signal that the company is confident in their future growth prospects (otherwise the company wouldn’t be buying their own shares).
- In the absence of compelling growth opportunities or debt reduction, share buybacks can be an attractive and easy option for companies with surplus cash.
However, there’s more to the story:
Companies know that some investors look at share buybacks as a sign that a stock is undervalued.
This means they can sometimes be used as a tool to manipulate public perception – rather than a clear sign of future growth prospects.
Companies may buy back shares for a variety of reasons, not just because they believe their stock is undervalued. They might be trying to:
- Boost EPS to meet internal financial targets.
- Artificially boost the price of their stock, without delivering improved value.
- Offset the dilutive effects of stock-based compensation (this is where employees and executives receive shares or stock options as part of their compensation).
Also worth noting: as markets have become increasingly flooded with liquidity (from governments pumping cash into the system in the wake of the GFC), the volume of buybacks has increased substantially.
Just take a look at this chart:
How do the numbers look?
During the ten years after the GFC, Bruce Dravis (past chair of the American Bar Association's corporate governance committee) studied US$1.23 trillion in Fortune 100 company buybacks. He found that:
- 36.9% of buybacks were done to offset equity compensation dilution.
- 63.1% of buybacks were so-called ‘pure play’ buybacks that aimed to reduced share count without motivation to offset equity compensation.
When’s the best time to do a buyback?
At Berkshire Hathaway’s 2004 annual meeting, Warren Buffet shared a simple rule of thumb for buybacks:
“When stock can be bought below a business’s value it is probably the best use of cash.”
Of course, that’s easier said than done.
“The tough part is coming up with the intrinsic value. There is a lot more to intrinsic value than P/E,” he said in 2016. He’s also said that there is no single metric that can justify or reject a buyback; instead, a combination of factors must be considered.
Buybacks can also raise a possible red flag. If a company is doing a buyback, it might be because they can’t think of a good acquisition, asset purchase, or other capital-intensive business expense to deploy their cash towards instead.
Apple’s massive buybacks:
Berkshire Hathaway’s largest investment is Apple - which has been prolific with share buybacks.
- In 2022, Apple bought back around US$90bn of its own shares.
- In 2021, they bought back about US$85.5bn.
- Over the past decade, they’ve spent over US$550bn on buybacks - more than any other US company.
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Mkt cap ! $6.483B |
Open | High | Low | Value | Volume |
$7.64 | $7.77 | $7.55 | $43.10M | 5.622M |
Buyers (Bids)
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4 | 41228 | $7.74 |
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Price($) | Vol. | No. |
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$7.76 | 10033 | 2 |
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2 | 14921 | 7.740 |
1 | 10000 | 7.730 |
5 | 44962 | 7.720 |
3 | 23334 | 7.710 |
4 | 19022 | 7.700 |
Price($) | Vol. | No. |
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7.770 | 14029 | 2 |
7.780 | 12629 | 2 |
7.790 | 19225 | 5 |
7.800 | 26971 | 9 |
7.810 | 7297 | 2 |
Last trade - 16.10pm 21/05/2024 (20 minute delay) ? |
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Change
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Last updated 15.59pm 21/05/2024 ? |
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