"5 Monitoring and Ongoing Evaluation All patients with AHF should be monitored for symptoms and signs, heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, blood pressure and SpO2 changes. Strictly control and record the amount of fluid in and out. Daily weighing can be performed if conditions permit, dynamic monitoring of renal function, blood lactate and electrolytes, and repeated evaluation of the patient's congestion evidence and volume status.
Non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring (non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring) methods include bioimpedance method, continuous Doppler cardiac output monitor (ultrasonic cardiac output monitors, USCOM), etc., which are safe and convenient to use, easy for patients to accept, and can obtain partial cardiac output. Vascular function parameters ; invasive monitoring includes central venous pressure (CVP), intra-arterial blood pressure, pulmonary artery catheter (Swan-ganz), pulse index continuous cardiac output (PiCCO), etc."
