Ann: CNQ enters Nth American lithium market tech-for-equity deal, page-59

https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/u/pp1802u.pdf
Mine Waste Characteristics
Mine waste is generally considered to be the material that
originates and accumulates at a mine site but has no current
economic value (Lottermoser, 2010), and it includes both
solid and liquid waste. Because vanadium can be recovered
as a byproduct of the mining of bauxite, carnotite, phosphate,
and titanomagnetite ores, the character of the mine waste will
vary according to the methods used to extract the primary
ore. Vanadium mining of black shales and copper-lead-zinc
vanadate deposits, as well as recovery of vanadium from fly
ash, generates additional types of mine and processing waste.
Mining of vanadium from VTM deposits in Australia is
projected to generate 12 million cubic meters of waste rock at
the Windimurra deposit (Environmental Protection Authority,
2008) and 59 million metric tons of tailings at the Balla
Balla deposit (Environmental Protection Authority, 2009).
American Vanadium Corp. is planning to mine vanadium
from the Gibellini vanadium deposit in Nevada. Production
is to involve open pit mining and processing on site by heap
leaching; the total amount of ore and waste to be extracted
is projected to be 24 million metric tons (Hanson and others,
2011). Plans to mine vanadium at the metashale-hosted Green
Giant deposit in Madagascar includes a well-known process
called alkaline press leaching, which is expected to produce
a battery-grade form of V2
O5
that has a purity of greater than
99.5 percent.