Ann: Expanded Heart Protection Discovery for Zantrene, page-283

I would add that many drugs work via multiple mechanisms. The way we develop drugs selects for this - for example, every major antibiotic drug class hits multiple bacterial targets. The reason for this is bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics that only have one target very quickly and so they never make it out of the lab.

Similar results are seen with anticancer drugs where the drugs that target multiple pathways have often proven more useful in the clinic than those that precisely target a single protein. The TKIs are a classic example of this effect where the “crude” TKIs that hit hundreds of kinases are more effective in patients than TKIs that hit a single precise kinase.

The good news is Zantrene looks to be a multiple pathway/target type drug. When it comes to cancer old and crude can often be better than new and precise.