Here's a list of two or more of the proteins that make up the...

Here's a list of two or more of the proteins that make up the PromarkerD test:

Peroxiredoxin-2 (P32119), Protein AMBP (P02760); Apolipoprotein A-IV (P06727) and Complement Clq subcomponent subunit B (P02746); at least one of Adiponectin (Q15848), Complement factor H-related protein 2 (P36980), Haemoglobin subunit beta (P68871), Apolipoprotein B-100 (P04114) and Sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (000391) or; at least one of Apolipoprotein C- III (P02656), Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (P17936), CD5 antigen-like (043866) and Complement component C8 beta chain (P07358).

The million dollar question is whether any of these targets have been scientifically validated as upregulated/downregulated in DKD.

So here's an attempt to review the appropriateness of PromarkerD biomarkers to test DKD risk:

regarding Peroxiredoxin-2:

"Our findings suggest that elevated serum Prx4 levels [Peroxiredoxin-4 is an isoform of Prx-2] are associated with a higher risk of incident type 2 diabetes. For men, taking Prx4 into consideration can improve type 2 diabetes prediction over a validated diabetes risk score; in contrast, there is no improvement in risk prediction for women." - from Abbasi et al. Circulating peroxiredoxin 4 and type 2 diabetes risk: the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease (PREVEND) study. Diabetologia. 2014; 57(9): 1842–1849

"In conclusion, we demonstrated that PRDX6 is a key mediator of overt hyperglycemia in T2D glucose metabolism, opening new perspectives for targeted therapeutic strategies in diabetes care." - from Pacifici et al. Peroxiredoxin 6, a novel player in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Diabetes. 2014 Oct;63(10):3210-20.

"The plasma PRDX1, -2, -4, and -6 levels were higher in the diabetic patients than in the healthy control subjects. PRDX2 and -6 levels were negatively correlated with diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, and hemoglobin A1c. In contrast, PRDX1 levels were positively correlated with low-density lipoprotein and C-reactive protein levels. PRDX4 levels were negatively correlated with triglycerides. In conclusion, PRDX1, -2, -4, and -6 showed differential correlations with a variety of traditional cardiovascular risk factors." - from El-Eter & Al-Masri. Peroxiredoxin isoforms are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2015 May;48(5):465-9.

From the above recent studies we can conclude that peroxiredoxins do have a role in Diabetes and their expression is upregulated in such patients. So they'd be very useful as predictor proteins for Diabetes. But what about their role in DKD progression and changes to expression thereof? Still need to find studies linking the peroxiredoxins to DKD.