Ann: Production Update, page-77

The copper bottleneck to EVs is not true.  The reason for this the difference in the volume is production.  Lithium production is about 0.3mt of LCE per year while copper is about 20mt per year.

'According to Copper.org, along the scale from gas-powered cars to fully electrical vehicles, copper use increases dramatically. Conventional gas-powered cars contain 18 to 49 pounds of copper while a battery-powered EV contains 183 pounds.'

So, 10 million EVs per year at 1kg LCE per kwh and an average battery size of 50kwh = 500 million kg LCE = 0.5 mt LCE.  Compared to the 0.3 Mt LCE output today, it's a huge relative increase.

For copper, 80kg per car x 10 million cars = 800 million kg of copper = 0.8 Mt.  Now if you compare the extra 0.8mt to the 20mt global output, it's not nearly as significant significant.

Cobalt is more sensitive due to lower output but more and more cells are reducing content.