Vanadium and Titanium on the latest US list of critical...

Vanadium and Titanium on the latest US list of critical minerals. Small caps article

https://*********.com.au/us-reveals-50-minerals-critical-economic-national-security/


Following an extensive multi-agency assessment, USGS has concluded there are 50 non-fuel or mineral materials that are essential to economic or national security of the US, and which have supply chains vulnerable to disruption.
The US Energy Act of 2020 also determines the classification of a critical mineral by its essential function in the manufacturing of a product, the absence of which would have “significant consequences”.
The revised list includes the addition of nickel and zinc along with 48 other minerals in alphabetical order:

• Aluminum, used in almost all sectors of the economy
• Antimony, used in lead-acid batteries and flame retardants
• Arsenic, used in semi-conductors
• Barite, used in hydrocarbon production.
• Beryllium, used as an alloying agent in aerospace and defence industries
• Bismuth, used in medical and atomic research
• Cerium, used in catalytic converters, ceramics, glass, metallurgy, and polishing compounds
• Cesium, used in research and development
• Chromium, used primarily in stainless steel and other alloys
• Cobalt, used in rechargeable batteries and superalloys
• Dysprosium, used in permanent magnets, data storage devices, and lasers
• Erbium, used in fiber optics, optical amplifiers, lasers, and glass colorants
• Europium, used in phosphors and nuclear control rods
• Fluorspar, used in the manufacture of aluminum, cement, steel, gasoline, and fluorine chemicals
• Gadolinium, used in medical imaging, permanent magnets, and steelmaking
• Gallium, used for integrated circuits and optical devices like LEDs
• Germanium, used for fiber optics and night vision applications
• Graphite , used for lubricants, batteries, and fuel cells
• Hafnium, used for nuclear control rods, alloys, and high-temperature ceramics
• Holmium, used in permanent magnets, nuclear control rods, and lasers
• Indium, used in liquid crystal display screens
• Iridium, used as coating of anodes for electrochemical processes and as a chemical catalyst
• Lanthanum, used to produce catalysts, ceramics, glass, polishing compounds, metallurgy, and batteries
• Lithium, used for rechargeable batteries
• Lutetium, used in scintillators for medical imaging, electronics, and some cancer therapies
• Magnesium, used as an alloy and for reducing metals
• Manganese, used in steelmaking and batteries
• Neodymium, used in permanent magnets, rubber catalysts, and in medical and industrial lasers
• Nickel, used to make stainless steel, superalloys, and rechargeable batteries
• Niobium, used mostly in steel and superalloys
• Palladium, used in catalytic converters and as a catalyst agent
• Platinum, used in catalytic converters
• Praseodymium, used in permanent magnets, batteries, aerospace alloys, ceramics, and colorants
• Rhodium, used in catalytic converters, electrical components, and as a catalyst
• Rubidium, used for research and development in electronics
• Ruthenium, used as catalysts, as well as electrical contacts and chip resistors in computers
• Samarium, used in permanent magnets, as an absorber in nuclear reactors, and in cancer treatments
• Scandium, used for alloys, ceramics, and fuel cells
• Tantalum, used in electronic components, mostly capacitors and in superalloys
• Tellurium, used in solar cells, thermoelectric devices, and as alloying additive
• Terbium, used in permanent magnets, fibre optics, lasers, and solid-state devices
• Thulium, used in various metal alloys and in lasers
• Tin, used as protective coatings and alloys for steel
• Titanium, used as a white pigment or metal alloys
• Tungsten, primarily used to make wear-resistant metals
• Vanadium, primarily used as alloying agent for iron and steel
• Ytterbium, used for catalysts, scintillometers, lasers, and metallurgy
• Yttrium, used for ceramic, catalysts, lasers, metallurgy, and phosphors
• Zinc, primarily used in metallurgy to produce galvanised steel
• Zirconium, used in the high-temperature ceramics and corrosion-resistant alloys.