Map 1 shows that when a country decides to use economic coercion, it employs a range of actions The Range of Economic Coercive Measures • Full economic blockade/ embargo • Travel/visa bans • Freezing of financial assets • Financial sanctions • Import bans/reductions • Export bans/reductions (includes Arms embargo) • Tariff increase/ tariff discrimination • Unfavourable taxation • Increase import/ export inspections • Witholding of previously agreed loans, orders, projects • Cancelling/interruption of international negotiations/meetings • Closing of businesses/Expropration • Encouraging public boycotts • Denying regulatory approval/ licenses • Cutting transportation links • Aid suspension Types of Hedging
• Export diversification • Export diversification (Energy) • Import diversification • Import diversification (Energy) • Economy diversification / improve economic efficiency • De-dollarization/ De-euroiszation (i.e. decrease dependency on Dollar & Euro/ avoid Do llar & Euro use) • Institution Building
