The graphite market is experiencing significant growth and is projected to continue to expand for decades to come, primarily driven by the rising demand for lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs) and the broader energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables.
Yet traditional applications of graphite also remain crucial and will continue to be important markets for graphite. These applications encompass a diverse range of industries, and each market segment requires extensive product qualification, a wide base of customers, many with smaller consignment sizes.
The demand from emerging technologies and established uses highlights the evolving landscape of the graphite market, and underlines the need for suppliers to adapt to diverse requirements and maintain flexibility in their offerings.
Chinese market
Graphite certainly has a large role in EV batteries for the foreseeable future. However, significantly increased supply out of China is keeping prices muted of both synthetic and natural graphite (in the form of spherical graphite), which are used in the anodes of lithium-ion batteries.
China has access to its own graphite, mining around 70% of the world’s graphite supply and producing practically all of the world’s lithium-ion anodes today.
Fastmarkets battery raw materials analyst Georgi Georgiev highlighted China’s increased supply and dominance in the space, saying that the country had a particularly strong role last year.
“China has been the main producer of natural graphite, especially in 2023. China accounts for almost 78% of the global supply for graphite, which in 2022 was different.
“When the prices were going up, we were seeing more supply from Africa. But with the price collapsing at the end of 2022 and throughout 2023, we saw less supply coming from African projects and more supply coming from China.”
China's graphite output jumped from 762,000 tonnes in 2020 to 1.2 million tonnes in 2023 and has increased further since then, with most of the increased capacity coming from state-owned companies and from one province. All up, as much as 94% of global graphite mine supply is coming out of China, with that number lifting to 99% when considering spherical graphite supply.
Since China increased production, graphite prices have retreated and remained depressed. Georgiev explained that had been “especially difficult for projects in North America”, where there was only one operating mine, and also for graphite mines in Europe and in South America.
However, the export of China's graphite production is restricted, while the USA Inflation Reduction Act does not provide tax credits for EVs with battery minerals from China.
And while there is strong competition from Chinese synthetic graphite in lithium-ion anodes, natural graphite presents a better environmental, economic and strategic choice — an important factor when OEMs are increasingly looking to clean up their supply chains.
