In my opinion much of the appeal and universality of the Christian ideology was the spiritual equality granted to all the disenfranchised people not in the Roman elites. This was quite a large number of people, and includes women who were oppressed in any existing religious or social system; and large groups of inhabitants who were disadvantaged and marginalized in the Roman system.
In addition the view of human existence, and the belief in moral and ethical principles for the conduct of everyday life, gave hope and a valid framework for viewing the human condition.
In the end, the non-violent and moral basis of action, based on the ideas of Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, and other religions that preach non-violence, have won victories over superior temporal power...especially over oppressive political systems that
espouse atheism, or paganism, or other systems that have contrary principles and practice.
This was the case in with Christianity; and the non-violent method espoused by the great religious teachers has more recently been successful in Russia, Eastern Europe, South Africa, and India.
The progress is not uniform or guaranteed. Obviously there are many factors and variables. But from the last 100 years,
and longer, we can see the results of societies in which atheistic values have been dominant.
They are failures because they do not take into account truths unless they can be measured in a laboratory.
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