B.A., Bethany College, West Virginia (1957); Juris Doctor, New York University School of Law (Root Tilden Scholar) (1960); Master of Laws, Harvard Law School (1961); Doctor of Juridical Science, Harvard Law School (1968). Honorary Doctorates in Law: Bethany College (1981), University of Heidelberg, Germany (1986), Free University of Brussels, Belgium (1994), State University of New York (Buffalo) (2000).
Member of the Bars of the State of New York, District of Columbia, and United States Supreme Court.
Instructor in Legal Method, University of Pennsylvania School of Law (1961-1962); Professor of Law, State University of New York (Buffalo) School of Law (1962-1975); Fulbright and Jaworski Professor of International Law, University of Texas School of Law (1975-1980); Dean and Professor of International Law, Washington College of Law, The American University (1980-1985); I. T. Cohen Professor of Human Rights, Emory University School of Law and Fellow, Carter Center of Emory University (Director, Human Rights Program (1985-1989)); Lobingier Professor of Comparative Law and Jurisprudence and Presiding Director, International Rule of Law Center, The George Washington University Law School (1989-2000).
Chairman, United States Government Delegation to UNESCO Specialized Conference on International Education (1974); United States expert, UNESCO Meeting of Experts on the Implementation of the 1974 UNESCO Recommendation on International Education (1976); Chairman, Human Rights Committee, United States National Commission for UNESCO (1976-1979); Chief, US Government Representative, UNESCO Executive Board Working Group on Human Rights Procedures (1977 and 1978); Member, Advisory Board, President's Commission on the Holocaust (1978-1979); Vice-President, UNESCO Congress on the Teaching of Human Rights and Chairman, United States Delegation to the Congress (Vienna, 1978); Member, United States Government Delegation, Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, Copenhagen (1990); Member, United States Government Delegation, Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, Expert Meeting on Democratic Institutions, Oslo (1991); Member, United States Holocaust Memorial Council (since 1996); Chairman, Committee on Conscience, United States Holocaust Memorial Council (1997-1999).
Judge, Vice-President, President, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (1979-1991); Judge, Vice-President, President, Administrative Tribunal, Inter-American Development Bank (1989-1994); Member, United Nations Human Rights Committee (1995-1999); Member, United Nations Truth Commission for El Salvador (1992-1993); Member, Panels of Conciliators and of Arbitrators, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, World Bank (since 1997); Vice-Chairman, Claims Resolution Tribunal for Dormant Accounts in Switzerland (1999-2000).
Rapporteur, Study Panel on International Human Rights Law and its Implementation, American Society of International Law (1970-1975); Member, Board of Directors, International Institute of Human Rights (René Cassin Foundation), Strasbourg, France (1970-1989); Member, Executive Council, American Society of International Law (1977-1980; 1986-1989); Vice-President, American Society of International Law (1980-1982); Honorary Vice-President (1994-1999); Advisory Committee (1980-1986), American Law Institute, Restatement (Third) on the Foreign Relations Law of the United States; Associate Reporter (1978-1980); Chairman, Human Rights Committee, International Law and Practice Section, American Bar Association (1981-1982; 1991-1992); Member, Administrative Council, Blaustein Institute of Human Rights (1996-2000); Member, Kuratorium and Scientific Council, Max Planck Institute for Public International Law, Heidelberg, Germany (since 1984); Founder and President, Inter-American Institute of Human Rights (1980-1992), Honorary President (since 1992); Member, Board of Directors, F. M. van Asbeck Centre for Human Rights Studies, University of Leiden, Netherlands (since 1991); Member, Advisory Board, Brazilian Institute of Human Rights (since 1997); Member, Standing Committee on World Order Under Law, American Bar Association (1997-1999); Vice-Chairman, Academic Council, Institute of Transnational Arbitration (since 1998).
Member of the American Bar Association, American Society of International Law, American Law Institute, Council on Foreign Relations, German Society of International Law.
Pro-Humanitas Prize, West-Ost Kulturwerk (Federal Republic of Germany) (1978); UNESCO Human Rights Prize (First Honourable Mention) (1978); Book Award (First Prize) of the Inter-American Bar Association for Protecting Human Rights in the Americas: Selected Problems (1982); Distinguished Service in Legal Education Award, New York University Law School Association (1987); Wolfgang G. Friedmann Memorial Award for Outstanding Achievement in International Law, Columbia University Law School (1989); Harry Leroy Jones Award for Outstanding Achievements in Foreign and International Law, Washington Foreign Law Society (1990); Human Rights Prize, Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights (1997); Goler T. Butcher Medal for Excellence in Human Rights, American Society of International Law (1997).
Member of the following Editorial Boards: American Journal of Comparative Law (1966-1977); American Journal of International Law; Human Rights Law Journal; Europäische Grundrechte Zeitschrift; Revue Universelle des Droits de l'Homme and Encyclopedia of Public International Law.
Author of numerous books, essays and articles. Books include, inter alia: Law-Making in the International Civil Aviation Organization (1969); International Protection of Human Rights (with L. B. Sohn, 1973); Public International Law (with J.G. Maier, 2nd ed. 1990); International Human Rights (2nd ed. 1995); Protecting Human Rights in the Americas (with D. Shelton, 4th ed. 1995).
