This is not easily connected to ATH434 today in MSA, although he already published in 2021 a paper on how 434 modified endothelium ( The iron chelator, PBT434, modulates transcellular iron trafficking in brain microvascular endothelial cells).

Front Mol Neurosci

. 2025 Apr 15:18:1511388.

doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2025.1511388. eCollection 2025.

Brain microvascular endothelial cells differentiated from a Friedreich's Ataxia patient iPSC are deficient in tight junction protein expression and paracellularly permeable

Frances M Smith ¹, Daniel J Kosman ¹

Affiliations Expand

• PMID: 40303283

PMCID: PMC12037585 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2025.1511388

Abstract

Friedreich's Ataxia (FA) is a rare, inherited ataxia resulting from GAA triplet expansions in the first intron of the Frataxin (FXN) gene, which encodes a mitochondrial protein involved in the incorporation of iron into iron-sulfur clusters. We previously identified decreased levels of F-actin and tight junction (TJ) proteins, which coincided with paracellular permeability in an FXN shRNA-mediated knockdown immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMVEC) model. This premise is underexplored in the FA literature, prompting us to confirm these findings using a patient-derived iPSC model. One line each of FA patient iPSCs and age- and sex-matched apparently healthy iPSCs were differentiated into BMVEC-like cells. We quantified actin glutathionylation, F-actin abundance, TJ expression and organization, and barrier integrity. In the absence of dysregulated F-actin organization, FA iBMVEC exhibited a loss of 50% ZO-1, 63% Occludin, and 19% Claudin-5 protein expression, along with a disruption in the bi-cellular organization of the latter two proteins. Functionally, this correlated with barrier hyperpermeability, delayed barrier maturation, and increased flux of the fluorescent tracer Lucifer Yellow. These data indicate that decreased barrier integrity is a pathophysiological phenotype of FA brain microvascular endothelial cells. Clinically, this may represent a targetable pathway to reduce brain iron accumulation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration profiles in FA. Additionally, an investigation into other barrier systems, such as the blood-nerve barrier, blood-CSF barrier, or cardiac vasculature, may provide insights into the extra-neural symptoms experienced by FA patients.