Manmade Global Warming - New Extremes, page-9009

First, a summary about how water vapour works as a greenhouse gas. It's from an internet page marked science.nasa.gov. I doubt it would have been written to address the impact of undersea volcanic explosions. So, it's a general refresher.

NASA:

"It works like this: As greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane increase, Earth’s temperature rises in response. This increases evaporation from both water and land areas. Because warmer air holds more moisture, its concentration of water vapor increases.

"Specifically, this happens because water vapor does not condense and precipitate out of the atmosphere as easily at higher temperatures. The water vapor then absorbs heat radiated from Earth and prevents it from escaping out to space. This further warms the atmosphere, resulting in even more water vapor in the atmosphere. This is what scientists call a "positive feedback loop."

"Scientists estimate this effect more than doubles the warming that would happen due to increasing carbon dioxide alone."

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Below from New Scientist, via Carbon Brief yesterday, July 1

"Record amount of water from 2022 Tonga eruption is still in atmosphere"

"Millions of tonnes of water vapour have been lingering in the atmosphere since the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano erupted in 2022– possibly contributing to global warming.

By James Dinneen

"Most of the nearly 150 million tonnes of water vapour launched into the air by the underwater eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano in 2022 remains there, setting record concentrations in many parts of the atmosphere.

"“It’s really a very special, unprecedented event,” says Christian von Savigny at the University of Greifswald in Germany."

(The rest of the report is behind a paywall.)