Russia Ukraine war, page-223276

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OK then here are documented reports of how COMMUNISM RUSSIA contributed to well in excess of 100 MILLION.

Notable estimate attempts include the following:^[60]

• In 1993,Zbigniew Brzezinski, formerNational Security AdvisortoJimmy Carter, wrote that "the failed effort to build communism in the twentieth century consumed the lives of almost 60,000,000."^[61]
• In 1994, Rummel's bookDeath by Governmentincluded about 110 million people, foreign and domestic, killed by communistdemocidefrom 1900 to 1987.^[62]This total excluded deaths from theGreat Chinese Famineof 1958–1961 due to Rummel's then belief that "although Mao's policies were responsible for the famine, he was misled about it, and finally when he found out, he stopped it and changed his policies."^[63][64]Rummel would later revise his estimate from 110 million to about 148 million due to additional information about Mao's culpability in the Great Chinese Famine fromMao: The Unknown Story, includingJon HallidayandJung Chang's estimated 38 million famine deaths.^[63][64]
  • In 2004, historianTomislav Dulićcriticized Rummel's estimate of the number killed inTito's Yugoslaviaas an overestimation based on the inclusion of low-quality sources, and stated that Rummel's other estimates may suffer from the same problem if he used similar sources for them.^[65]Rummel responded with a critique of Dulić's analysis.^[66]Karlsson says that Rummel's thesis of "extreme intentionality in Mao" for the famine is "hardly an example of a serious and empirically-based writing of history",^[67]and describes Rummel's 61,911,000 estimate for the Soviet Union as being based on "an ideological preunderstanding and speculative and sweeping calculations".^[68]
• In 1997, historianStéphane Courtois's introduction toThe Black Book of Communism, an impactful yet controversial^[55]work written about thehistory of communismin the 20th century,^[69]gave a "rough approximation, based on unofficial estimates". The subtotals listed by Courtois added up to 94.36 million killed.^[70]Nicolas WerthandJean-Louis Margolin, contributing authors to the book, criticized Courtois as obsessed with reaching a 100 million overall total.^[71]
  • In his foreword to the 1999 English edition,Martin Maliawrote that "a grand total of victims variously estimated by contributors to the volume at between 85 million and 100 million."^[72]HistorianMichael David-Foxstates that Malia is able to link disparate regimes, from radical Soviet industrialists to the anti-urbanists of theKhmer Rouge, under the guise of a "generic communism" category "defined everywhere down to the common denominator of party movements founded by intellectuals."^[73]Courtois' attempt to equateNazismand communist regimes was controversial.^[74]
• In 2005, professorBenjamin Valentinostated that the number of non-combatants killed by communist regimes in the Soviet Union, China, and Cambodia alone ranged from a low of 21 million to a high of 70 million.^[75]
• In 2010, professor of economicsSteven Rosefieldewrote inRed Holocaustthat the internal contradictions of communist regimes caused the killing of approximately 60 million people and perhaps tens of millions more.^[76]
• In 2012, academicAlex J. Bellamywrote that a "conservative estimate puts the total number of civilians deliberately killed by communists after the Second World War between 6.7 million and 15.5 million people, with the true figure probably much higher."^[77]
• In 2014, professor of Chinese politics Julia Strauss wrote that while there was the beginning of a scholarly consensus on figures of around 20 million killed in the Soviet Union and 2–3 million in Cambodia, there was no such consensus on numbers for China.^[78]
• In 2017, historianStephen Kotkinwrote inThe Wall Street Journalthat 65 million people died prematurely under communist regimes according to demographers, and those deaths were a result of "mass deportations, forced labor camps and police-state terror" but mostly "from starvation as a result of its cruel projects of social engineering."^[79][80]
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