I don't see a threat in other metals to replace Lithium (Li); we have to remember in the periodic table we have H, He and then Li.
Having this metal in the third place is a bliss:
- high reactivity
- low weight
- it is solid at room temperature.
Comparing with Sodium (Na) , for both (Li and Na) valence (ion charge) equals 1 but Na is more than three times heavier and a bit less reactive; these would conduct to much lower energy density (theoretically starting 3 times lower for Na) and requiring special conditions (usually higher) temperature for a similar power performance.
Magnesium would be even worst; I don't think it would be considered as a candidate in this race.
Regarding the price, yes, Na is abundant, present in high concentration deposits (salt - NaCl) and easy to extract. This is the main benefit for Na - cheap. So it might be considered for bulky energy storage but it would be out of discussion for EV or other transportation solutions.
So, Lithium is still the king.
Sodium and magnesium to replace lithium in batteries, page-8
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