This is an interesting article on battery technology developed by the very well respected Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, that would potentially use Titanium and Fluorine. It also provides estimates of the huge growth of demand of raw materials required between now and 2030. We don't know what will happen in the future so it's great to haver a few different ions (er, irons?) in the fire?
Some extracts:
"In our future electrified world, the demand for battery storage is projected to be enormous, reaching to upwards of 2 to 10 terawatt-hours (TWh) of annual battery production by 2030, from less than 0.5 TWh today. However, concerns are growing as to whether key raw materials will be adequate to meet this future demand. The lithium-ion battery -- the dominant technology for the foreseeable future -- has a component made of cobalt and nickel, and those two metals face severe supply constraints on the global market."
And:
"Scientists at Berkeley Lab have focused on using manganese and titanium, which are both more abundant and lower cost than nickel and cobalt."
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/06/210623100254.htm
How to make lithium-ion batteries invincible
Date:
June 23, 2021
Source:
DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Summary:
Scientists have made significant progress in developing battery cathodes using a new class of materials that provide batteries with the same if not higher energy density than conventional lithium-ion batteries but can be made of inexpensive and abundant metals. Known as DRX, which stands for disordered rocksalts with excess lithium, this novel family of materials was invented less than 10 years ago and allows cathodes to be made without nickel or cobalt.
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