Understanding lithium demand, page-262

Agree with some of your comment around energy storage systems.

I also own a vanadium stock, and my view is vanadium's sphere in energy storage is within the large MW scale (20 year life) storage options in the immovable market, whilst lithium batteries will dominate the household storage market and smaller scale industrial set ups. I also said as such in the opening post to this thread. I also agree, there are other battery types etc, but in this post in another stock thread - Post #: 38816441 - I gave the following comments below in italics but going back to the post I was quoting from @8horse the embedded article therein appeared moreso around lithium batteries t for energy storage (and yes i presume those authors would know other battery types are available) than anything else but understand you point -

"""""On batteries I am not up to date with zinc bromine, but my understanding is that the battery per se could be good for the home storage market, so its direct competitor in that sphere would be lithium ion batteries (home storage is in kWh). Vanadium batteries IMO cannot effectively compete at the home storage level at the moment IMO given its energy density levels, but that could change over time, but much development is required there IMO.

Some information is present in the articles below on the home storage front:

https://reneweconomy.com.au/gelion-launches-zinc-bromine-gel-battery-to-take-on-lithium-mainstays-28079/

https://www.solarquotes.com.au/blog/redflows-zinc-bromide-zcell-battery-may-have-the-edge-over-lithium-ion/

But zinc bromine batteries are having there issues in home battery market and currently are not making any inroads into lithium ion batteries there:
https://reneweconomy.com.au/redflow-cant-compete-with-lithium-batteries-on-price-in-home-market-77290/

Where vanadium batteries compete is in large scale energy storage systems of the 1 MW (probably 5MW or more) systems because it can charge and discharge over thousands of cycles and more than once per day to boot and holds efficiency for 20 years to 25 years. This article explains that:

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/10/new-generation-flow-batteries-could-eventually-sustain-grid-powered-sun-and-wind

Zinc bromine batteries hold less charge and last less years, so ultimately the choice between batteries in the large scale energy storage market is dependent on storage capacity, number of use per day, size, capital cost and most importantly how long you need to energy efficiency to remain, so if seeking a energy storage solution for 20 years, with daily charge and discharge of more than one a day, that is vanadium's sphere. If seeking much less than that and smaller units, well that might be the sphere of zinc bromine and lithium ion battery solutions for storage in the stationary market (i.e. obviously in the moveable market like EVs that will remain the sphere of lithium on batteries, full stop). Interesting article here:

https://unauthorised investment advice/resources/picking-a-winner-how-vrfbs-match-up-against-battery-rivals/

Obviously, the price of the input (vanadium, zinc or lithium) in the various battery types is also a consideration on takeup as well as impacts economics and choice."""""""""

Provided for completeness to what I understand is battery economics in the immovble energy storage market.

All IMO IMO