VUL megathread, page-5665

Viewpoint: What the EU’s CBAM could mean for batteries
https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2400690-viewpoint-what-the-eus-cbam-could-mean-for-batteries?backToResults=true

Quotes: "China produces almost all the world's manganese and accounts for most of Europe's imports. China also accounted for 74.58pc of total global refined cobalt production in 2021, with the next-largest being Finland, with 8.98pc. In the first half of 2022, China also provided 64pc of exports of global lithium hydroxide — the form of lithium predominantly used in ternary cathodes."

"Low-carbon primary materials will also be needed, and Europe has made supplies of battery metals a priority. Vulcan Energy Resources in the upper Rhine valley of Germany expects to produce lithium hydroxide using zero carbon, complementing existing commercial production of geothermal base-load energy."

"At the end of 2021, Stellantis, which owns brands such as Peugeot and Fiat, signed one of five binding off take agreements for the year, joining Renault Group, Volkswagen, Umicore and LG. This year, Stellantis became a major shareholder in Vulcan Energy Resources — the first example of an upstream investment in a listed lithium company by one of Europe's largest automakers."

"Similar geothermal brine projects hope to reach commercialisation in other parts of Europe and the UK, following the example of Vulcan."