Acknowledgement to Infomine for the following article.
Even though this article was written a week or so ago, the Zinc stocks at the LME haver fallen to what must be close to record lows and the fall shows no signs of abating.
Plunging inventories have zinc bulls ready to run
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Image by Sam Valadi | Flickr | Creative Commons.On Tuesday zinc inventories in London Metal Exchange (LME) warehouses sunk into territory that one metal analyst believes could signal a major price kick for the base metal, used mostly for galvanizing steel to prevent corrosion.
The one-year chart below shows LME inventories falling steadily, touching the 108,425-tonne mark as of Feb. 11 – a 52-week low. It’s a long way from the annual high of 256,175 tonnes reached in August. After a year of pain for all three metals we’ve discussed here – zinc, lead and silver – it looks like 2019 is going to see a turnaround.
Cormark Securities mining analyst Stefan Ioannou said last fall that if zinc supply drops 2,000 to 3,000 tonnes a day it would be a very bullish price signal, especially if inventories go as low as 100,000 tonnes. The one-week chart shows zinc inventories dropping from 112,750 tonnes on Feb. 5 to 108,500t on Feb 11 – a fall of 4,250 tonnes, and within only 8,000 tonnes of Ioannou’s100,000t target zone.
“I think things get really interesting if you see LME approach 100,000 tonnes. At that point we’re talking about world supply — when you add in the other entities — being somewhere under a week of global demand, so things get ‘critical,’ and at that point I think you can see zinc prices spike quite quickly.” – Cormark Securities mining analyst Stefan Ioannou
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Could we be looking at another run in the zinc price like in 2017, when it spiked from $1.19 a pound to $1.61 within only six months (+35%)? Recall zinc had the hot hand that year, with many juniors roaming around with boots on the ground trying to find the next zinc deposit, with the price getting a nice uplift from mine closures and an expected long-term structural supply deficit.
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The majority of the world’s zinc deposits contain lead, meaning lead and zinc are mined together. Sphalerite is zinc’s main ore and is usually associated with galena, the lead mineral, and chalcopyrite, the copper mineral.
Zinc and lead mineralization generally occur together, within limestone, in veins associated with granitoids, and as volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits. The latter can also contain precious metals.
It makes sense then, if we’re looking at zinc, that we also analyze what is happening with lead. It turns out that the outlook for silver, like zinc, is also promising this year, after several years of ho-hum performance.
The Silver Institute expects silver prices to climb 7% this year on the back of increasing industrial, jewelry and investment demand, versus reduced supply.
Zinc
As mentioned, zinc had a banner year in 2017, climbing about 38% (between 2016 and 2018 zinc rocketed 132%) but the base metal had a reality check in 2018. Despite falling inventories squeezing supply, US-China trade war worries weighed heavily on the entire base metals complex including zinc, which tanked around 24%.
The year started off well reaching $1.63 a pound in February, but once US President Trump began threatening China with billions in tariffs, then following through, base metals investors ran scared. The galvanized sheet trade, for example, was hit with 25% steel tariffs.
Despite trade war headwinds, however, zinc’s fundamentals are solid. Stefan Ioannou, the Cormark mining analyst, sees zinc demand perking along at 2-3%. Some very large zinc mines have been depleted and shut down in recent years, with not enough new mine supply to take their place.
MMG’s shuttered Century mine for example used to supply 4% of the world’s zinc. Between the shutdown of the Lisheen mine in Ireland, Century, and Glencore’s Brunswick and Perseverance mines in Canada, over a million tonnes was ripped from global zinc production.
The closed mines represent an estimated 10 to 15% of the zinc market. On the flip side, there have been few discoveries or big zinc projects planned. This is setting the zinc market up for a supply shortage.
The International Lead and Zinc Study Group predicts the zinc market will be in a deficit position of 72,000 tonnes in 2019.
BMI Research noted in June 2018 that refiners, particularly in China, will have a hard time securing zinc concentrate, due to zinc mine production curtailments in 2015-16 (eg. Rampura Aguchain India, Antamin and Iscaycruz in Peru as well as by Glencore and Nyrstar), along with the aforementioned mine closures. For example tightened environmental standards to deal with choking air pollution meant that Zijin Mining cut 8.2% of its zinc production in 2017.
Chinese smelters rely heavily on imported zinc ore. In 2017 China’s refined zinc production was at its lowest in two years due to problems acquiring zinc concentrate.
The supply squeeze is also trickling down to junior zinc explorers. When zinc prices were low, exploration dried up, meaning there’s not enough supply to match the growing demand for zinc especially for galvanized steel, Jeff Hussey, president and CEO of Osisko Metals, recently told ***** News:
“The world needs more zinc mines but we don’t have them because there has been no exploration. If you had all the expected development projects come on line at full capacity, analysts expect that demand will still outstrip supply by mid-2020,” he said. “This means there is a limited risks of further downside in the price long term.”
Consider that two of the largest new zinc mines will not produce enough ore to make up for all of the recent closures and output cuts. While New Century is restarting its zinc mine that closed in 2016 – at the time the world’s third largest – “it will take time for Century to ramp up and longer still for that flow of raw material to make a significant impact on the refined metal section of the supply chain,” according to Reuters metals columnist Andy Home, who believes the zinc market has entered a period of peak tightness.
Australia’s Dugald River mine, opened in 2017, and Vedanta Zinc’s Gamberg mine in South Africa, commissioned last July – can between them only produce a combined 420,000 tonnes of zinc concentrate, less than 3% of global demand.
Wood Mackenzie states that zinc mine closures, attrition and demand growth will require 2.2 million tonnes of new mine capacity a year.
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Speaking of zinc demand, it’s not going away. Despite zinc’s low profile among investors, it is the fourth most mined metal. While its primary use is to stop steel from rusting, other applications are shoring up demand. Adding zinc to fertilizer increases soil productivity, and there is research being conducted to develop a nickel-zinc battery for use in electric vehicles. Zinc, of course, is already used in alkaline batteries.
Zinc is also used heavily in infrastructure build-outs. This includes desperately needed bridges, public buildings, power stations, dams etc. in the US, much of the developing world, and China’s Belt and Road Initiative which along with needing billions of tonnes of copper, is going to require a lot of steel containing zinc.
Zinc alloys including brass are used in corrosion-resistant marine components and musical instruments, to name a couple of more applications.
According to the US Geological Survey, in 2018 the top zinc-producing countries were China, Peru, India and Australia. In terms of reserves, Australia has the most zinc at 64 million tonnes, second is China at 41Mt, and Peru is in third place at 28Mt, of the world’s identified zinc resources of 1.9 billion tonnes.
Lead
Like copper and zinc, lead was also pulled into the trade war vortex that had base metals flailing for most of
